Inks lake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inks lake - Research Paper Example Devils washtub is located in Inks Lake National park. This is a state park found in United states of America, Burnet County, Texas. The landscape of the park is hilly with many cedar, live oak, cacti and Yuccas. The ground of the park is rocky, mainly consisting of Gneiss rock. The park has a natural forest known as Ghost Forest. The Devils washtub / waterhole is a small extension of the Inks Lake National Park, which is almost completely surrounded by rocks. Tourists visiting the area conduct canoe tour within the Devils Waterhole. Diving and swimming is also done but without a lifeguard, at personal risk. The park also acts as a habitant for wildlife such as quail, deer, vultures and other many varieties of birds.The rocks within the Devils washtub are dated 1,232 million years old. The field trip was carried out to investigate the to investigate the geology of the area. The main type of rocks found within the area was Gneiss, quartzite, granite and amphibole/amphibolite.The most Common rock within the Devilstub - Gneiss is a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite. It is a course grained metamorphic rock formed sedimentary rocks through regional metamorphism. The field research showed that these rocks contained a wide range of minerals, such as feldspars, quartz, mica minerals, aluminous and ferromagnesian silicates. The gneiss rocks were also found to contain some amounts of iron, nickel , silicon and cobalt. The granite rock among feld spar, quartz and mica also contained diamond and chalk.Some parts within the Devils water-mouth also contained the amphibolite rock. These kind of rock were found to contain some amounts of feldspar with little amounts of quartz. The trip study also showed that these rocks had severally undergone metamorphism,a change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure, heat or introduction of new chemical substances. For instance, the high temperature conditions,and pressure beneath

Discussion Board Forum Essay Example for Free

Discussion Board Forum Essay Property Martin has decided to retire after many years as a deputy in a small North Carolina town and as a detective in Raleigh. Though Martin sometimes appeared to be a bumbling law enforcement officer, it turns out that he was a dutiful saver and a shrewd investor, and now he owns an interest in some prime real estate in the North Carolina mountains, as well as a second home on the North Carolina coast. Mountain Property: Martin purchased the mountain property 31 years ago as joint tenants with a right of survivorship with his friends Peter, John, and Thomas. All of the friends ha= passed away, and Martin has not been back to the property in more than 20 years. Peter had apparently indicated in his will that he was leaving his interest in the property to his son Andrew. A few years back, Andrew took out a personal loan using his purported interest in the property as collateral. When Andrew defaulted on the loan last month, the lender initiated a legal action to foreclose on the property. Martin hired an old friend with whom he used to go to church, who is now an attorney in Raleigh, to address the lender’s legal action. The matter is still pending. Remembering that a trout-filled stream ran through the property, Martin decided to do a little fly-fishing. When he drove out to the property, Martin was surprised to see smoke rising from the stone chimney of a little cabin that someone had constructed in the center of the land since the last time Martin had visited. When he approached the cabin, Martin suddenly heard a shot ring out and a bullet whiz past his head. Ducking for cover, Martin heard a familiar voice. It was Otis, from the small town where Martin had been a deputy, yelling and telling him to â€Å"Git off my land.† Gathering his senses, Martin identified himself and told Otis it was actually his land and that he had the deed to prove it. Otis replied that he didn’t care about the deed, and that he had lived on the property openly and notoriously for some 20 years, and, as far as he was concerned, it was now his. Deciding that discretion was the better part of valor, Martin hopped into his 1966 Pontiac GTO, which he had bought at auction from the sheriff’s office, and headed back east. He stopped in Raleigh to contact his attorney and asked him to deal with Otis’s claim as well. Coastal Property: Since his fishing trip was spoiled, Martin decided to head to his beach house in Wilmington, NC. Martin noticed several signs for a new Tar Heel Family Resort along the way. The signs all said, â€Å"Coming Soon.† Martin half-smiled as he thought about how sorry he was for whatever poor souls owned property next to that tacky place. Turning the corner to the street where his beach house was located, Martin was horrified to see several of his neighbors’ properties were being torn down and that there was a sign stating, â€Å"Future home of the Tar Heel Family Resort† positioned right next door to his beach house. When he pulled into the driveway, Martin noticed a bright orange envelope attached to his front door. Inside the envelope, Martin found a notice from the city authorities saying his property was being taken by eminent domain in order to make way for the new resort. The notice had a letter attached talking about all the new businesses and jobs the resort would bring to the community. Having just survived the encounter in the mountains and now being faced with the loss of his beach house, Martin became enraged and marched down to the city offices to challenge the city’s actions. The city attorney told Martin he was sorry, but that there was really nothing he could do about the seizure of the house. He assured that Martin would receive the full market value for his property in compensation. Martin returned to his property and placed another call to his attorney for assistance in dealing with the seizure. Personal Property: As Martin was hanging up the phone he heard a knock at the door. Upon opening the door, Martin was pleased to see a former girlfriend, Miranda. After exchanging pleasantries, Miranda told Martin that she had decided to leave the small town where they had both lived and resettle at the beach. Caught up in the excitement of the reunion, Martin invited Miranda out to dinner at the swankiest restaurant in town: the Riverboat Bistro. Embarrassed, Miranda said she wasn’t sure she had an outfit that was fancy enough for the Riverboat, but Martin assured her that even the fancy restaurants at the beach allowed casual attire, so her casual dress and his polo shirt and shorts should be fine. When he drove up to the restaurant, Martin noticed a sign that indicated valet parking was available. A young man in a neatly pressed Riverboat uniform, who identified himself as Benjamin, approached  the vehicle and asked Martin if he would like his car parked. Martin handed over his keys and walked around to the other side of the car to open the door for Miranda. Taking her arm under his, Martin proudly escorted his date into the Riverboat Bistro as the young man drove off in the GTO. When he entered the restaurant, Martin was horrified to see that everyone inside was wearing formal dress attire. He quickly ushered Miranda back out the door and looked for the valet. Not seeing the young man anywhere and noticing the sign indicating that valet parking was available was now folded up and lying under some bushes, Martin went back to the entrance and asked the hostess if she could call the valet to retrieve his car. â€Å"Valet?† asked the hostess. â€Å"We have no valet service tonight sir. Only on weekends.† â€Å"But what about Benjamin?† argued Martin. â€Å"We had a valet name Benjamin,† she responded, â€Å"but he quit yesterday. We are still waiting for him to return his uniforms.† The Wilmington police officer couldn’t help but snicker as he took the police report. â€Å"1966 Pontiac GTO, huh? Shouldn’t be too hard to find that.† On the cab ride home, Martin felt a mixture of anger and mortification. â€Å"It’s fine, Martin,† said Miranda. â€Å"I never was that fond of seafood and I’m sure your car will turn up.† Martin’s car was found three weeks later at the Classic Car Show in Mount Olive, NC. The man showing the car had purchased it from a used car lot in Kinston, NC, which had taken the vehicle from a young fellow matching Benjamin’s description, as a trade for a 1967 Mustang convertible. Neither the man who was showing the car nor the used car dealer had any idea that the vehicle had been stolen. Martin asked for the car back, but the man in possession said he was not giving it up until somebody reimbursed him for the $5,600.00 that he had paid for the vehicle. Martin placed another call to his attorney.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain is a form of precipitation that contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids. In simple terms, acid rain is hail, rain, snow, or sleet that is more acidic than normal. Precipitation naturally is a little acidic but when the pH level drops below a set standard it is acid rain. In general, acid rain is a very complicated problem that is caused by many factors. In this paper, I will discuss how emissions caused by humans effect pH level in precipitation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I will define, in detail, what acid rain is. Acid rain is precipitation that has a pH less than 5.6. The pH scale is a scale that measures if a compound is acidic, basic, or neutral. Neutral is in the middle which has a pH of 7. Basic has a pH between 7.1 and 14 and acidic has a pH between 6.9 and 0. For example, vinegar is acidic with a pH reading of 2.4. Normal precipitation has a pH between 6.9 and 5.9.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture. Sulfur dioxide is produced by the emissions of electric utilities, industrial companies, commercial and residential heating, smelters and diesel engines. Sulfur dioxide produces sulfuric acid, which will produce acid rain. Nitrogen oxides are produced mostly by transportation (cars, trucks, planes, etc.). Nitrogen oxides produce nitric acid, which will also produce acid rain. The main contributor to acid rain is sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3). Sulfur oxides are produced naturally but not in the concentration that humans produce. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, can be largely blamed for the production of sulfur oxides. The process of acid rain starts when photons from the sun hit ozone molecules (O3) to form oxygen (O2). Next, the O2 molecules react with water (H2O) to form a negatively charged hydroxyl radicals (OH-). It is the hydroxyl radicals that are responsible for oxidizing sulfur dioxide. This will produce sulfuric acid. Oxidation occurs in clouds mostly above cities with heavily polluted air. These clouds contain ammonia and ozone that can catalyze the reaction. This means that the ammonia and ozone will produce more sulfuric acid fast and the ammonia and ozone will not be consumed in the reaction. Nitrogen oxides are produce from power plants and exhaust fumes from automobiles. The reactions to make nitric acid are similar to the reactions to make sulfuric acid.

Business Enviroment Assignment Essay

Pl- Describe the type of business. M. Whitfield Pharmacists LTD M. Whitfield pharmacists are a large company around the north east of England. They are situated at seven different branches, Gilesgate, Thornley, Coxhoe, Blackhall, Wheatley Hill, Horden and Victoria Rd. The pharmacists and there staff are members of your local healthcare team. They aim to provide you with the highest quality of healthcare. To do this they need to keep records about you, your health and the care we have provided or plan to provide to you. We know that you value your privacy and he security of personal information held about you. You can download our information leaflet here which explains how we safeguard information about you. M. Whitfield LTD offer a wide range of drugs that can be offered either over the counter or prescribed by a consultant at your local medical surgery or hospital, this is depending on the strength and reason of the drug. Also inside the chemist it has advertisements for mobility scooters and other helpful things that can aid elderly or sick people around the local area. Inside all of the branches there is a consultant oom where one of the fully qualified Pharmacists will have a one to one about what drug is best for you. The purpose of this company is that it delivers high quality medical drugs and health care which is proscribed by a doctor or a medical consultant. Medical care is given either paid or free depending on financial status or education. M. Whitfield is a sole trader this means that the company is not very large however it has a large amount of branches around the northeast of England. To make this company bigger the owner will need to bring in some investors which could expand the company and ove more branches around the nation. The owner will have to work a lot of hours and he will find it hard to take holidays as he has a lot more responsibility then if he was in a partnership. P3 – Describe how two business are organised M. Whitfield LTD is organised as a small company, most of the branches are occupied with four to five assistance to control the branch whilst two to three pharmacists working on the behind the counter packing the drugs. All of the staff in the chemist will have different set shifts usually Monday to Friday. M. Whitfield is a private company not run by the government and will not be on the stock pile. The owner will have to maintain regular check-ups to make sure everything is running smoothly in all branches and the staff are doing their Job correctly. However the NHS is a much larger company and is run by the government. There is no actual owner of the NHS it is set out in departments which have directors in each department. Compared to M. Whitfields the NHS employs a lot more employees in for all citizens, based on need, not the ability to pay. The NHS is made up of a wide range of health professionals, support workers and organisations. The NHS is funded by the taxpayer and is therefore accountable to Parliament. It is managed by Department of Health – which is directly responsible to the Secretary of State for Health. The Department sets overall health policy in England, is the headquarters for the NHS and is responsible for putting policy into practice. It also sets targets for the NHS and monitors performance through its four directors of health and social care. Around one million people work for the NHS in England and it costs more than E50 billion a year to run. This will rise to E69 billion by 2005. Regional assemblies control health services in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The NHS aims to bring about the highest level of physical and mental health for all citizens, within the resources available, by: promoting health and preventing ill-health diagnosing and treating injury and disease caring for those with a long-term illness and disability P4- explain how their different style of organisation helps them to fulfil there purpose The NHS is a fast paced

Analysis of “If” by Rudyard Kipling Essay

The fist stanza of the poem â€Å"If† talks about being true to yourself. There are always people who misjudge you or don’t like or respect you for one reason or the other. It tells you to rise above those obstacles and prove them wrong and yourself right. You should not let others provoke you into doing things which you know are wrong. The second stanza of the poem talks about overcoming obstacles that may come your way and follow your dreams. It tells us to persevere, keep going and never give up even when times get rough.   It is hard to jump back in after negative or hurtful things have happened in your life but the third stanza tells us not to give up. If we believe in ourselves, we can surely redo the positive things that made us happy sometime ago over again. The writer obviously knew how hard sometimes life can become. He therefore initiated a sense of hope in this stanza. The last stanza tells us that we are all equal no matter what. We shouldn’t and mustn’t put ourselves above or below anyone because we are just as good as anyone else. There is one thing you can relate to in a person if you really look deep down inside and try. It also teaches us to never waste time and make every second of the day that we have count. In a nutshell, this poem is like a piece of advice to us all to be positive and pay attention to the type of world we live in.

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students Executive summary This proposal is aimed at raising the awareness of international students about the benefits of attending churches.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proposal includes several elements: the design of brochures and leaflets about the churches in California; distribution of these leaflets; evaluation of students’ experiences and attitude toward churches. The proposed program can assist learners who struggle with culture shock and alienation from others. People, who will be involved in this project, should have qualifications in several areas such as management, design, and social research. The budget of this project will be $ 2000. There are several important outcomes: ability of international students to adapt to a different environment; their resistance to culture shock; the increased awareness of educators and social workers about the problems that international students have to struggle with. This project can be supported by various public organizations, but the most important role can be played by California Association of Student Councils. This agency can support a great number of international students. These are the main aspects that should not be overlooked. Introduction This proposal is aimed at increasing student’s awareness about the benefits of joining local churches that are located in California. In particular, it is necessary to design and distribute brochures that contain the following information: names and addresses of local churches; the time when one can attend these churches; the benefits of joining such organization. This initiative has several rationales. First, it should be noted that international students face such a problem as culture shock. This issue can be attributed to various factors such as lack of knowledge about culture, languag e barriers, or inability to see one’s relatives (Arthur 26; Burnapp 43).Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, these learners establish close contacts only with people who share their language or culture. As a result, after several years of study they know very little about the host country, and they cannot integrate themselves in the community. One can say that this problem will become even more important in the future because the number of international students will only increase (International Student Trends unpaged). In turn, by joining local churches, these people can develop their communicative skills and learn more about various aspects of foreign culture (Montgomery 100). This approach has already benefited learners from other countries. It will be easier for them to integrate themselves into the society. The following section will include the description of the project, its budgetary requirements, and timelines. On the whole, the successful implementation of this initiative can positively affect the lives of many international students whose experiences can be impaired by culture shock and alienation. Description of the project The significance of the proposal Overall, this project can affect a great number of stakeholders. One should take into account that in 2011 there were 96,535 international students in California (International Student Trends unpaged). Moreover, this number is likely to increase in the future. One can say that the success of this project can positively affect academic performance of students (Andrade and Evans 50). Finally, these people can eventually learn more about the country in which they live. These are the main issues that should be considered. This initiative can be supported by California Association of Student Councils.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Bene fits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main steps This project will consist of several stages. At first, it is necessary to design a brochure which contains relevant information about local churches. It is vital to focus on those churches located in the most populous districts of California. In other words, international students should be able to find these organizations as soon as possible. Furthermore, these leaflets should clearly explain the benefits of joining churches. These are the main requirements that should be met during the stage of design. Apart from that, it is necessary to distribute leaflets and brochures in those areas in which there are many universities and colleges that international students can attend. This approach can significantly simplify the work of volunteers who should be involved in this project. This is one of the issues should be considered. Finally, it is i mportant to conduct a follow-up evaluation of those international students who chose to join one of local churches. This assessment should be related to the following aspects: the wellbeing of students; their perception of foreign culture and country; their attitude toward the church. Furthermore, in the course of the interview, one should also find out how many of students decided to attend churches and how much time they spend there. This assessment is important for determining whether this initiative is effective. These are the main elements of this proposal. On the whole, this proposal can be of great use to many people, especially those ones who help international students adapt to a new cultural and linguistic environment. These people will not be alienated from local community, and this is the main outcome of this proposal.Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the main aspects that be identified. Moreover, this project can be completed by people who have expertise in various areas. One can say that this project can have significant implications for many educational organizations in California. Qualification and experience As a person, who majors in economics, I am able to manage the implementation of this strategy, especially its costs. Moreover, I can coordinate the efforts of other people, who will be involved in this project. In this case, one can speak about volunteers who will design and distribute the brochures to students. I have already worked on various group assignments, and I had to act as the team leader. Apart from that, I know many international students, and I am familiar with their experiences. Additionally, I know what kind of difficulties these people face, especially when they have to leave in different environment. Yet, one has to admit that this initiative can be successfully implemented provided that I am assisted by people, who have skills in areas that are not related to economics. Much attention should be paid to such fields as design and psychology. The first group of external consultants will be engaged in the design of the brochure about local churches. Secondly, this project should involve individuals, who are skilled in social research because they need to survey those international students who decided to attend the churches. These are the main requirements that should not be overlooked. Timeline The tasks identified in this proposal can be successfully implemented in the course of four months. In particular, one can single out the following stages: Approximately thirty days will be needed to design and publish the brochures and leaflets. At this point, it will be essential to attract the attention of international students and explain why local churches can be of great use to them. This is why one should spend a sufficient amount of time on this assignment. Furthermore , it is necessary to spend at least two days on the distribution of these materials to students. The main task of volunteers is to explain what kind of information will be presented in brochures and leaflets. Finally, it is important to mention the follow-up survey which is aimed at determining whether any people, who received the brochure, decided to join one of local churches. This task should be carried out after the distribution of the brochures.This assessment can show whether the attendance of local churches can change the attitude of international students. This is why this step should not be overlooked. Budget Overall, this initiative should be viewed as a pilot project. It is necessary to distribute approximately 100 brochures and leaflets. Each brochure will cost approximately $ 10. In turn, the total cost of publishing these materials will be $ 1000. Furthermore, it is necessary to spend costs on the additional interview of international students. This assignment will re quire additional $ 2000. Therefore, this budget should be at least $ 3000. This proposal can be sponsored by California Association of Student Councils. In this way, this public organization can significantly assist many learners attending local colleges and universities. Conclusion The tasks indentified in this paper are aimed at increasing the awareness of international students about churches in California. By joining these organizations, these people can overcome culture shock, develop communicative skills, and establish contacts with the representatives of other cultures. Overall, this project can bring improvements into the experiences of international students who are frequently isolated from other people. They will be able to overcome both cultural and linguistic barriers that prevent them from integrating into the society. By supporting this proposal, California Association of Student Councils cam help a great number of foreign learners. Provided that this initiative proves to be successful, it can be implemented in other parts of the country. Andrade, Maureen, and Norman Evans. International Students: Strengthening a  Critical Resource, New York: RL Education, 2009. Print. Arthur, Nancy. Counseling international students: clients from around the world, New York: Springer, 2004. Print. Burnapp, Dave. Getting Ahead as an International Student, Boston: McGraw-Hill International, 2009. Print. International Student Trends. 2012. Web. Montgomery, Catherine. Understanding the International Student Experience, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

JAMES JOYCE Essays - Mythology, Prophecy, James Joyce, Free Essays

JAMES JOYCE Essays - Mythology, Prophecy, James Joyce, Free Essays JAMES JOYCE Now, as never before, his strange name seemed to him a prophecy. So timeless seemed the grey warm air, so fluid and impersonal his own mood, that all ages were as one to him. [...] Now, at the name of the fabulous artificer, he seemed to hear the noise of dim waves and to see a winged form flying above the waves and slowly climbing the air. What did it mean? Was it a quaint device opening a page of some medieval book of prophecies and symbols, a hawklike man flying sunward above the sea, a prophecy of the end he had been born to serve and had been following through the mists of childhood and boyhood, a symbol of the artist forging anew in his workshop out of the sluggish matter of the earth a new soaring impalpable imperishable being? (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 192) His soul had arisen from the grave of boyhood, spurning her graveclothes. Yes! Yes! Yes! He would create proudly out of the freedom and power of his soul, as the great artificer whose name he bore, a living thing, new and soaring and beautiful, impalpable, imperishable. (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 193) Some of its original readers, Virginia Woolf or T.S. Eliot, hailed Joyce's work as "the most important expression which the present age has found."[1] Others, like Bennett or Aldington, were repelled by it, seeing it as "a tremendous libel on humanity."[2] Yet, no matter if they praised it for being able "to come closer to life"[3] or loathed it for being "indecent, obscene, scatological and licentious"[4], all agreed that Joyce's work was remarkable, technically successful, an astonishing literary phenomenon. Of the English modernist novelists' works, Joyce's most strikingly asserts itself as art, the art of fiction - art as a form of knowledge, art as autonomous, art as a form of expression enjoying the advantage of a medium of its own. Of all the English modernists' works, Joyce's is the indubitable evidence that if there is any difference at all between realism and modernism in literary terms, it does not reside so much in the sense realism and modernism make of the real, but in the new status assigned to literature. Thus Joyce's work may be seen as an unparalleled artistic answer to the essential modernist questions relating to the essence of the literary act. What is the proper stuff of fiction? "The proper stuff of fiction" does not exist; everything is a proper stuff of fiction, every feeling, every thought; every quality of the brain and spirit is drawn upon; no perception comes amiss. And if we can imagine the art of fiction come alive and standing in our midst, she would undoubtedly bid us break her and bully her, as well as honour her, for so her youth is renewed and her sovereignty assured."[5] How is the material that life provides to be made into art? "Any method is right, every method is right, that expresses what we wish to express, if we are writers; that brings us closer to the novelist's intention, if we are readers."[6] What Joyce demonstrates through his work is that, if fiction is to be raised to the status of art, this can be done only through focus on the potentialities of what gives the art of fiction its specificity in relation to the other arts, that is language and technique. This does not mean that Joyce's narrative strategy necessarily, and exclusively, implies the adoption of completely new techniques, that is techniques that had not been also used by his predecessors. Joyce's originality, much of the difficulty presupposed by the reading of his texts being caused by it, resides in the variety and the combination of techniques. For Joyce, each method is seen as a pathway to knowledge. The more variations on a method he could imagine, the deeper the meaning that began to surface. The less expected the combination of methods, the richer the aspects of reality that were likely to be revealed. By this strategy, Joyce did in no way attempt to destroy the illusion of reality or to discard as useless the methods employed to create this illusion. He rather tried to "heighten our awareness of the techniques he so skilfully deploys by raising questions about our strategies of interpretation."[7] Understanding Joyce always means more than just reading his novels for the

Quotes From Charles Dickenss Oliver Twist

Quotes From Charles Dickenss Oliver Twist Charles Dickens second novel, Oliver Twist, is the story of an orphan growing up among criminals in London, England. The novel, one of Dickenss most popular works, is known for its harsh depiction of poverty, child labor, and life in the London slums of the mid-19th century. Poverty Oliver Twist was published at a time when many of Dickenss countrymen were living in great poverty. The most unfortunate were sent to workhouses, where they received food and lodging in exchange for their labor. The protagonist of Dickenss novel ends up in such a workhouse as a child. To earn his gruel, Oliver spends his days picking oakum. Please, sir, I want some more. [Chapter 2] Oliver Twist has asked for more! [Chapter 2] I am very hungry and tired... I have walked a long way. I have been walking these seven days. [Chapter 8] Bleak, dark, and piercing cold, it was a night for the well-housed and fed to draw round the bright fire, and thank God they were at home; and for the homeless starving wretch to lay him down and die. Many hunger-worn outcasts close their eyes in our bare streets at such times, who, let their crimes have been what they may, can hardly open them in a more bitter world. [Chapter 23] Human Nature Dickens was admired not only as a novelist but also as a social critic, and in Oliver Twist he uses his sharp eye to dissect the weaknesses of human nature. The social canvas of the novel, which includes the poor underclass of London and the criminal justice system designed to contain it, allows Dickens to explore what happens when humans are reduced to the basest conditions. The doctor seemed especially troubled by the fact of the robbery having been unexpected, and attempted in the night-time; as if it were the established custom of gentlemen in the housebreaking way to transact business at noon, and to make an appointment, by the twopenny post, a day or two previous. [Chapter 7] Although Oliver had been brought up by philosophers, he was not theoretically acquainted with the beautiful axiom that self-preservation is the first law of nature. [Chapter 10] There is a passion for hunting something deeply implanted in the human breast. [Chapter 10] But death, fires, and burglary, make all men equals. [Chapter 28] Such is the influence which the condition of our own thoughts, exercises, even over the appearance of external objects. Men who look on nature, and their fellow-men, and cry that all is dark and gloomy, are in the right; but the sombre colours are reflections from their own jaundiced eyes and hearts. The real hues are delicate, and need a clearer vision. [Chapter 33] The suspense: the fearful, acute suspense: of standing idly by while the life of one we dearly love, is trembling in the balance; the racking thoughts that crowd upon the mind, and make the heart beat violently, and the breath come thick, by the force of the images they conjure up before it; the desperate anxiety  to be doing something  to relieve the pain, or lessen the danger, which we have no power to alleviate; the sinking of soul and spirit, which the sad remembrance of our helplessness produces; what tortures can equal these; what reflections of endeavours can, in the full tide and fever of the time, allay them! [Chapter 33] Society and Class As the story of a poor orphan, and of the downtrodden more generally, Oliver Twist is filled with Dickenss thoughts about the role of class in English society. The author is highly critical of the institutions that protect the upper classes while leaving the poor to starve and die. Throughout the book, Dickens raises questions about how society organizes itself and treats its worst-off members. Why everybody lets him alone enough, for the matter of that. Neither his father nor his mother will ever interfere with him. All his relations let him have his own way pretty well. [Chapter 5] I only know two sorts of boys. Mealy boys, and beef-faced boys. [Chapter 10] Dignity, and even holiness too, sometimes, are more questions of coat and waistcoat than some people imagine. [Chapter 37] We need be careful how we deal with those about us, when every death carries to some small circle of survivors, thoughts of so much omitted, and so little done- of so many things forgotten, and so many more which might have been repaired! There is no remorse so deep as that which is unavailing; if we would be spared its tortures, let us remember this, in time. [Chapter 8] The sun,the bright sun, that brings back, not light alone, but new life, and hope, and freshness to manburst upon the crowded city in clear and radiant glory. Through costly-coloured glass and paper-mended window, through cathedral dome and rotten crevice, it shed its equal ray.  [Chapter 46]

Considering Some Cases from West's Legal Environment of Business by Assignment - 9

Considering Some Cases from West's Legal Environment of Business by Cross and Miller - Assignment Example Atlantic Golf Resort may argue that it should be absolved from blame in that the law provides that when a person takes part in an activity with the knowledge that there is an unavoidable risk of injury, that person is not protected by the inherently dangerous activity. Therefore, Ursula and Titan may not claim that the golf resort should be charged for negligence on the injury suffered by Ariel. The implication of this is that when a person is injured by the inherently dangerous activity brought by him, he is not able to recover damages due to the injuries resulting from the dangerous activity. The exculpatory clause has the effect of modifying the obligation that would otherwise arise on Atlantic Golf Resort by implication of the law or under the statute in which the contract was made. The exemption clause that released Atlantic from any form of liability will not generally not of itself serve to protect any person including Titan and Atlantic from liability whether they were the independent contractor or the owner of the company. Atlantis Golf Resort, therefore, is not capable of using the clause to escape liability while Ursula and Titan may also not rely on the clause to escape joint liability with the golf company. In the United States, it is unlawful to harass a person because of the sex of that person and this includes sexual harassment, which may include unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, or verbal or physical harassment that are sexual in nature and includes remarks (Cross and Miller, 2004).  

Cross-cultural management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cross-cultural management - Research Paper Example e Australians, Filipino Australians and Afghani Australians, all have completely distinct cultural background and they find themselves in greatest of the difficulties in coping up with the working condition that are supplied to them. It is recommended that the Lebanese Australians should adopt that culture, which is based on individualism such that each individual would then be held responsible for his/her own act. Conversely, native managers should also bring flexibility in their own behavior and attitude when dealing with the members of immigrant groups and allow them to interact and understand more with the members of those communities in order to mitigate the cultural barriers. The concept of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) is becoming quite popular especially among those groups which have migrated from different parts of the world to Australia. Among those groups, the major groups are Lebanese Australians, Filipino Australians, and Afghani Australians. Since Lebanon, Philippine and Afghanistan are all fundamentally diverse countries as compared to Australia especially in respect of culture and language, therefore, their immigrants also face severe problem in their cultural and linguistic dynamics while residing in Australia. The cultural and linguistic issues have trapped these communities into serious dilemmas as how to interact with the native Australians. At times, they feel it is better to surpass their own recognition, values and beliefs, working styles, and many other cultural and linguistic prospects, mingle around with the natives and follow their ways like a famous quote â€Å"Do what the Romans do†. Conversely, they also perc eive that while adopting the culture of native Australians, they may encounter serious problems and may not adjust easily with the natives as well as may not feel comfortable doing what natives do. To be more specific, the arguments are placed in respect of the cultural context whether to adopt culture based on

Individual case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual case study analysis - Essay Example Government spending was reduced and the ‘National Wage Partnership Programme’ was signed. As a result, wage increases were limited at 3 percent for three years. The comparative low wages and the fact that it was not rising, as in other countries, attracted FDI. With lower wages and higher productivity than the rest of Europe, Ireland attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). The economic transformation, that was taking place in the country, where a direct result of the political transformation. The protectionist policies, tariffs and subsidies, had created an economy where exports fell and per capita income was low. There was no FDI and the economy in general was bleak. However, as political powers opened up the economy to foreign trade and investment, the economy improved. In the 1980’s, the government was following a fiscal policy that was conservative, to meet with the criterion set by the Economic and Monetary Union. The annual budget deficit and the level of national debt were lowered to create the environment for FDI. Whereas previously the government was involved in key sectors such as energy, communication and transport, by the early 2000s, government involvement got limited to the state-owned enterprises such as Aer Lingus (airlines), electricity distributor ESB, natural gas distributor Bord gas, etc. With the opening up of the market, particularly with its exports to the US rising, the Irish GDP grew at a rate of 9.9 percent during 1996 and 2000. That the political system of a country can influence the economy through appropriate policies and laws can be best demonstrated through examples. The growth of the Irish economy in computer software was a result of the government’s responsiveness and political will. When Microsoft decided not to locate a key web hosting operation in Ireland in 1998, because of the insufficient connectivity, the government responded by

The Study of International Relationships Term Paper

The Study of International Relationships - Term Paper Example Waltz discusses, in answer to some questions about the value of theory, how the use of theory in framing international relations is one of the biggest struggles that students face. He uses the study of economics as a parallel example of how theory is both useful and confusing, in that it requires social scientists to separate the subject from its context. Some say this separation dismisses the relationship of other factors to the subject, yet Waltz insists that it is necessary to use this fantasy separation in order to interpret and classify what is being studied—whether it is economics or politics. He says that international relations really is a struggle with the facts, and that it is hard to create theories because the field is full of complexities. Complexities, however, do not rule out the use of theories, says Waltz. On the contrary, they invite the use of theories to explain this complexity. The necessity of theories is supported by Rosenau and Durfee, who describe it a s something that must be done, but tentatively. They also talk about the use of the question â€Å"what is this an instance of?† This question, they say, helps us go up the rungs of a ladder to classify politics into some larger theory, and thus leads us to some sort of understanding, however temporary it may be. Buzan also discusses some of the challenging facing international relations, and cites one of the greatest of them as the need to connect the field with both history and sociology. Without history, says Buzan, one is stuck in a box of thinking of states as the only actors—a Westphalian idea. Buzan also explains something similar for sociology, which is important because it suggest the idea of an international society that goes beyond a simple group of states. When discussing realism, Buzan cites its flexibility—it allows for change and focuses on the human condition. However, as realism focuses on states, we realize how other theories can collide with i t. International relations, says Buzan, is full of paradigms that we develop as a way of explaining and understanding how the system works at different times. These paradigms include Realism, idealism, Marxism, and even the English school to which Buzan is attracted. Overall, Buzan sees realism as a good starting point for theorizing and observing the system. The English school itself is described more in detail by Linklater. He describes how the English school focuses on international politics as defined by a community of sovereign states with no greater level of authority, and find it amazing that this community exists in an anarchical condition. While in any state level society a lack of government would lead to total chaos, the English school is focused on the fact that this chaos is absent in the international, anarchical system. However, says Linklater, this should not be seen as a form of realism, but rather as a middle ground between realism and idealism. The major founder o f the English school, however, is Grotius. In his discussions he illustrates this school as one that takes a middle way. It recognizes international anarchy, but also gives credit to the play of power in rational, realist thinking. He mentions war often, but also moves toward the idea of an international society that emerges from the international anarchical system, dividing his thoughts from strict realism but definitely refusing to

Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hysteria - Essay Example The hysterical person claims one or more of many difficulties or disorders. These include: complete or partial inability to hear or see, prolonged periods of forgetting (amnesia), inability to sleep or sleep walking (somnambulism), loss of speech (aphoria), trances, muscular habits (spasms tics or tremors) and apparent epileptic seizures (idiopathic epilepsy), conversion hysteria in which metal conflicts re converted into physical symptoms such as paralysis, blindness and anesthesia, the fugus or flight, in which an individual becomes amnesic for personal past and multiple personality, in which individual's personality splits into two or more distinct personalities with dissociation of consciousness. Amnesia is a condition where the person cannot recall certain past experiences of his life. In functional amnesia, there is no brain damage as is found in some other forms. The forgotten material remains inaccessible to the person, but can be restored after treatment. Because the person cannot cope with this threatening material, there is repression so that it can be eliminated from the consciousness. Fugus states are characterized by a general amnesia for the person's entire past, including who he is and where he lived. This is associated with a flight (fugue) where the person wanders away from home and then days, weeks, and sometimes years later, finds himself in a strange place, not knowing how he got there, and not remembering about the period of fugue. In some cases, a person has lived away from his original home for ten or more years, starting a new occupation, building a family, only to "reawaken" later, missing his place of origin. In somnambulism, certain thoughts become so strong during sleep as to determine the person's behavior. The person rises and carries out some act. Like multiple personalities, there is some dissociation of some sub-system within the personality which is expressed during sleep and for which nothing is remembered during the waking state. Multiple personalities are rare. It is as if several parts of personality have not been successfully integrated so they become separated or dissociated from each other and the person frequently shifts from one to the other. There appear to be several complete systems of personality with each system having distinct emotional and thought processes, different from each other. When one personality is free and impulsive, another is inhibited and responsible. In conversion reaction, the person suffers from physical symptoms with o organic basis. It could be in the form of anesthesia (loss of sensitivity of some body part) where the person does not feel any pain or sensation in that part of the body. Diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder as defined in the DSM-IV are as follows: One or more symptoms or deficits are present that affect voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurologic or other general medical condition. Psychologic factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or de

Wal-Mart Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wal-Mart Finance - Essay Example In US, Wal-Mart operates over 4,300 stores and also operates the Sam’s Club chain. Wal-Mart Stores US have different subsidiaries namely Wal-Mart Discount Stores in 692 locations, Wal-Mart Supercentres in 2933 locations, Wal-Mart Neighborhood Markets in 183 locations, SAM’s CLUB in 609 locations and small format stores. In Argentina, Wal-Mart has 4 subsidiaries with 64 retail chain units. Wal-Mart has 10 subsidiaries in Brazil with 484 units in their retail chain. Wal-Mart Canada has 2 subsidiaries with 325 units of retail outlets. In Chile, there are 285 units in their retail chain under 6 subsidiaries. In China Wal-Mart have 6 subsidiaries under which there are 338 units. In Costa Rica Wal-Mart have 4 subsidiaries with a retail chain of 183 units. Under Mexico y Centroamerica there are 3 subsidiaries also performs business in El Salvador with 78 retail chain units. In Germany, Wal-Mart had 85 stores which were taken over by Metro and now Wal-Mart has no operational ac tivities in Germany. (Wal-Mart abandons German venture) In India Wal-Mart have 6 retail chain units under the subsidiary called as Best Price. Mexico y Centroamerica also operates at Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua with 177 units, 58 units and 62 units of retail outlets under them. In Mexico Wal-Mart have 1789 retail outlets under 6 subsidiary of Walmart de Mexico y Centroamerica. ... idiaries of Wal-Mart in the various nations mentioned above were under taken by Wal-Mart with the help of acquisitions, some of them are Asda, the Seiyu Ltd., Seiyu Group, etc. (International Operations) For Wal-Mart if we divide the geographic region of operation as International and US market. Then it will be evident that, the Net Sales value of Wal-Mart in US exceeded over $260 billion and 3,804 retail units for the year of 2010-11. The operating income also increased by 3.1% to $20 billion (approx). While the consolidated net sales figure of Wal-Mart in the 15 countries they are operating net sales value amounted to $109 billion and 4,557 retail units for the year 2010-11. The net sales also grew by 12% and the operating income increased by $5.6 billion. The net sales value of Sam’s Club was $49 billion and 609 retail units for the year 2010-11. The increase in net sales was 3.5% over the previous year. (Wal-Mart 2011 Annual Report, 4-9) b) Wal-Mart’s Foreign Exchan ge (FX) Risk Management Policy Is centralized or decentralized? A firm opts to take risk for maximizing their profit on their areas of unique expertise. While, a firm with non-financial activities tries to minimize their foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk (Wallace, 2). Wal-Mart as a retail management chain operates in US and 15 other countries. As per the Foreign Currency Translation policy of Wal-Mart â€Å"The assets and liabilities of all foreign subsidiaries are translated using exchange rates at the balance sheet date. The income statements of foreign subsidiaries are translated using average exchange rates. Related translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other accumulated comprehensive income.† (Reimer, 774) This shows that all the financial transaction systems are

Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hysteria - Essay Example The hysterical person claims one or more of many difficulties or disorders. These include: complete or partial inability to hear or see, prolonged periods of forgetting (amnesia), inability to sleep or sleep walking (somnambulism), loss of speech (aphoria), trances, muscular habits (spasms tics or tremors) and apparent epileptic seizures (idiopathic epilepsy), conversion hysteria in which metal conflicts re converted into physical symptoms such as paralysis, blindness and anesthesia, the fugus or flight, in which an individual becomes amnesic for personal past and multiple personality, in which individual's personality splits into two or more distinct personalities with dissociation of consciousness. Amnesia is a condition where the person cannot recall certain past experiences of his life. In functional amnesia, there is no brain damage as is found in some other forms. The forgotten material remains inaccessible to the person, but can be restored after treatment. Because the person cannot cope with this threatening material, there is repression so that it can be eliminated from the consciousness. Fugus states are characterized by a general amnesia for the person's entire past, including who he is and where he lived. This is associated with a flight (fugue) where the person wanders away from home and then days, weeks, and sometimes years later, finds himself in a strange place, not knowing how he got there, and not remembering about the period of fugue. In some cases, a person has lived away from his original home for ten or more years, starting a new occupation, building a family, only to "reawaken" later, missing his place of origin. In somnambulism, certain thoughts become so strong during sleep as to determine the person's behavior. The person rises and carries out some act. Like multiple personalities, there is some dissociation of some sub-system within the personality which is expressed during sleep and for which nothing is remembered during the waking state. Multiple personalities are rare. It is as if several parts of personality have not been successfully integrated so they become separated or dissociated from each other and the person frequently shifts from one to the other. There appear to be several complete systems of personality with each system having distinct emotional and thought processes, different from each other. When one personality is free and impulsive, another is inhibited and responsible. In conversion reaction, the person suffers from physical symptoms with o organic basis. It could be in the form of anesthesia (loss of sensitivity of some body part) where the person does not feel any pain or sensation in that part of the body. Diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder as defined in the DSM-IV are as follows: One or more symptoms or deficits are present that affect voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurologic or other general medical condition. Psychologic factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or de

Financial Instruments Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Instruments - Case Study Example For instance, debt financing bears high financial risk due to high leveraging of the company and this may lead to legal action and bankruptcy proceedings in case of default on interest payment (Henderson, Peirson & Harris, 2003). The company should consider the risk of losing control since convertible notes providers may request for directorship position in order to protect their interests in the firm. The best source is cumulative preference shares since dividends will be paid when the company finally makes profits (Henderson, Peirson & Harris, 2003). The company should also consider the flexibility and availability of the source of finance. For example, it is easy to issue redeemable preference shares since it is readily available and can be redeemed in the future. The company should also consider the tax implications of the source of finance. For instance, debt payments are tax deductable and thus it should use debt financing when the tax rate is high in order to protect the company income from the high taxes (Henderson, Peirson & Harris, 2003). The company should also consider the growth rate of the firm. For instance, the company should use debt financing during high growth cycles since the high revenues will offset the interest payments (Henderson, Peirson & Harris,

Political Elite Revised Essay Example for Free

Political Elite Revised Essay Do you want to belong to the elite? Or do you sometimes feel that, in a way, you belong to the elite? Without its political meaning, the elite simply refer to a group that possesses superior qualities than the rest. It is the â€Å"cream of the crop†. In one way or another, some of us may have already experienced belonging to the elite, such as when we became part of an important club in school or belonged to the top of the class. In the book Concept and Issues in Comparative Politics, Frank Wilson explained that when applied to politics, the term elite acquires a negative connotation to mean a â€Å"small group who conspire to monopolize power and use it for their benefit†. However, without this political meaning, term elite refers to those who are active in political processes. Thus, Wilson stresses that not only the politicians belong to the elite, but also the opinion leaders and influence wielders and the senior civil servants. While politicians seek and hold elective or appointed government positions, influential figures participate in the process by shaping the ideas and preferences of others. This makes the media and business group as parts of the political elite. Bureaucrats or senior civil servants are also one of the components of the elite because they are involved in the policy- and decision-making processes in the government. Can a person enter the circle of the elite by moving his or her way up in the bureaucracy? Yes, if the person’s career achievements merit him or her to be recruited into the elite. Basically Wilson suggests two ways of recruitment to the elite: by achievement and by ascription. Recruitment by achievement does not only refer to technical skills, but also pertains to interpersonal, leadership or money-making skills. This is in stark contrast with the ascriptive mode of recruitment wherein a person automatically becomes a member of the elite because he or she was â€Å"born with silver spoon in the mouth,† so to speak. Also, Wilson points out that recruitment by achievement is characteristic of developed political systems, while recruitment by ascription is more common in traditional societies. However, it is not uncommon to find elites by birth who also developed the necessary skills to lead by achievement. For example, George W. Bush did not become the US President simply because he is the son of George H. W. Bush; but his first-hand observation of his father’s former job, the Bush’s network of influence, and the name recall surely helped in his campaign. Wilson also classifies elites into open and closed elites. The US is considered as one of the most open political recruitment processes because of the system of primary elections. One does not have to be a dedicated party worker to get nominated and eventually elected. According to Wilson, it also explains why movie stars could become elected officials, as well. Most democratic societies have open elites hence outsiders have multiple opportunities to enter the elite circle; but there are also democratic societies which require aspiring politicians to serve apprenticeships in local or party politics. This is to prevent just anybody, especially those who are only famous, to get elected without any political experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, closed elites are characteristic of authoritarian regimes wherein membership to the elite is controlled. In practice, however, there are also democratic regimes which also have closed elites, in a sense that ruling elites may hinder other members of the society from obtaining enough political leverage to become one of the political elite. For instance, I want to get in the elite circle because I have sufficient background, knowledge and skills to become a leader, but the circle is controlled and very elitist (snobbish). Do I have other options if I do not get recruited through achievement? Yes, by ascription such as by marrying a member of the elite, as Wilson stresses, or stage a revolt or a coup d’etat to overthrow the ruling elite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, violent successions of the elites usually happen when there is no predictability or long-established rules in the change of leadership. In most advanced political systems, there are approved procedures in the transition and legitimation of leadership that would render the blood spill unnecessary. However, even if Wilson contends that unpredictable successions are common to authoritarian regimes and third world countries, he also cites examples to the contrary. He takes particular exception to the Party politics in China which has proven that orderly manner of succession is possible, even in an authoritarian system. To add to this example are a number of â€Å"illiberal democracies† in Asia wherein rulers could maintain their hold in power, yet such undemocratic rule were long accepted by the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wilson also adds that there are other ways to make the elite’s hold on power legitimate such as tradition, charismatic appeal, accepted rational processes, and more importantly, capability of the political elite to deliver its promises to the people. The capability to perform to improve the welfare of the people could be a more powerful factor for legitimacy than election, and thus could make people’s obedience possible even if the rule is considered undemocratic. However, whether in democratic or authoritarian regimes, any elite that would exercise coercive force to command obedience from the people is bound to fail – and that is when we observe violent or tense transitions of political power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still, there is always a certain elite or a small group that would be most directly involved in the political processes. Even erstwhile socialist regimes which claimed to promote equality among the people have been ruled by elites, and have in fact used their position to perpetuate themselves in power. The widely-held notion of democracy is that of a representative democracy. As such, it has been a nagging controversy in the studies of elite that even the most democratic systems are not truly democratic because political leadership is in the hands of a representative elite that would never mirror the general citizenry. Wilson has provided enough empirical evidence that those who usually get recruited into the elite are from the middle and upper classes, educated, from dominant societal groups, and male. Even if the elite would recruit from the ranks of the masses, those who would enter the elite would soon acquire the certain values and perspectives that are characteristic of the elite. Thus they get absorbed into the system – and could not possibly reform the system. As such radicals view that only by changing the system itself, say, by supplanting a genuinely socialist one, that political elitism would end. The above proposition is grounded on the assumption that elitism is bad, as Wilson has scrutinized effectively. Breaking down this assumption brings us to the sub-assumptions that firstly, political elites always rules in its own best interests; and that   secondly, the best political representation of a particular group is made by people who are from that group. Wilson debunks these assumptions for lack of sufficient empirical evidence. In the first instance, political elites ruling only on their interests can always be checked in democratic societies. In democratic systems wherein the succession of political power is determined by elections, the ruling elites would have to bend to the wishes of important portions of the population because they would ultimately need their support come election time. Of course, it is also possible that the political elite sincerely care for the people; that is why we now have welfare states and taxation systems that really hurt the rich and benefit the poor. The argument that one can best represent the interests the group where he or she comes from, at all times, may not always hold true since as Wilson explained in the text, new entrants to the elite may change their values by virtue of their position thus may render them useless in advancing his original group or class. A very concrete example would be the socialist Russian revolution which catapulted the working class into power, which in the long run only became a self-seeking and self-defensive class of its own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus Wilson argues that a pluralist democracy, wherein various interests are articulated and political competition prevents domination of political power of a single set of elites, holds the answer to the controversy that bedevils the political elite. As such, the rule of the elites, per se, is not bad – as long as it is in the context of a working pluralist democracy.

The Modernist Concept Of Urban Design Cultural Studies Essay

The Modernist Concept Of Urban Design Cultural Studies Essay The development of our towns and cities is intrinsically linked to many architectural and cultural patterns and trends of the past. Indeed the Aesthetic and strategic practices of architecture and urban design contribute, through a complex of formal and informal processes, to the creation of urban cultures as well as giving shape to distinctive city image [Stevenson 2003].The social and technological changes which characterised the end of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries, created a momentum of change in the art, design and culture of Western Europe, and precipitated a shift in the ideas behind design and architecture, that laid the foundations for the evolution of the modernist movement. In essence the modernist movement fundamentally altered the way that those who designed the towns and cities we lived in, viewed their role, based upon utopian fancies, standardisation, new industrial materials such as re-enforced concrete, chrome and plate glass, abstraction and a vehement a mbition to make a new world, not just a new art [Hughes 2006]. In Britain, the modernist movement did not really develop until the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the formation of institutions such as the Congres Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne (CIAM), began to formalise and standardise the idea of modernist architecture, not just as a means to design buildings, but to construct a whole new way of living a style which would seek to incorporate the form follows form mantra into the design of our cities and towns [Gibbered 2008]. During this time, continued urban migration, and the idea of using modern technology to exhort profound and positive influences via the design of our surroundings, was embraced by the majority of society, and soon captured by the imaginations of the architects. As the urban populations of the UK continued to grow, a new approach to urban planning was required that would be able to meet with the increased demand for housing and amenities. The modernist concept of urban design, saw the traditional urban model for development in the towns and cities of Britain relatively low-rise streets, squares and urban blocks eschewed in favour of a rational, usually orthogonal, distribution of slab and point blocks set in park land and open space. The idea of this design was that, rather than being enclosed by buildings, urban space would now flow freely around them [Carmona 2003], and that the Le Corbusier view of eliminating the relative disorder of urban areas would be achieved. An important development in the design of our towns and cities was the idea of how we lived. In 1934, the idea of communal living was first truly experimented on the middle classes with the design of the Lawn Road Flats in Hampstead (below). This idea of a more minimalist, functional way of living was fairly revolutionary to these social classes at the time and lay the way for similar residential developments such as the luxurious Highpoint one in 1935. This idea of communal living began to filter down to all social classes in London (such as such Maxwell Frys Kensal House, the first modernist social housing project in Britain, which opened in 1937), and influenced the development of inner city housing, which continued for another four decades. Lawn Road Flats in 1934 Image taken from http://designmuseum.org/ During the post-war years, the devestation that many had endured seemed to re-envigorate the national psyche with an optimism, and to many there was a sense that here seemed to be a growing idea that this was a chance, not only to re-build Britain structurally, but also to take the nation in a new direction [Gibbered 2008]. Of course, the urban areas of our cities and towns had taken most of the fallout, and this opportunity was seized by modernist architects who believed that, by changing the design of how we lived in our cities and towns, they could provide ambitious solutions to solve extensive social problems. This opportunity, and apparent political will to develop and implement modernist was seen in many of the post-war constructions in Europe, and later through slum clearance programmes and subsequent road-building schemes [Carmona 2003]. In Britain, an extensive re-building project began (by the mid-1950s, 2,500 schools had been built and ten entirely new towns were either un der construction or in the early stages of development), and there was a growing need for a town planning policy that could accommodate the needs of these people. This requirement for rapid functionality opened the door for Modernists to begin reshaping the appearance of British towns and cities [Gibbered 2008]. One of the key ideas that developed at this time, and has shaped many of Britains urban landscapes, was the idea that new towns would be designed and built from scratch. Modernist urban space generally appears in its purest forms when built on Greenfield sites [Carmona 2003], and as such this design seemed to be perfect to implement when strategising the development of these new towns a sort of blank canvass for many modernist architects of the time. The idea was to be able to create an urban modern utopia, which would deliver British city dwellers from the dark failures of Victorian housing to a bright new world of clean, functional towns [Gibbered 2008], with there dispersed site planning, brick housing, and homey peoples detailing [Hvattum and Hermansen 2004]. These New Towns†¦examples†¦. Depicted the modernist urban landscapes, presenting idealised sanitised visions of streets, public spaces, and buildings in which the users are little represented [Larkham 1997]. The pattern of modernist development in our towns and cities continued to dominate for the next couple of decades and, by the 1960s modernism had become the lingua franca of British architecture, whether it be schools, office complexes, homes, or even the new towns as above [Gibbered 2008]. Although perceived as successful demonstrations of urban utopia, the modernist ideal in urban development will be forever synonymous with the disastrous implementation of public housing schemes. Modernist urban space had moved away from buildings as consituent elements in urban blocks (i.e. concrete terraced masses) defining streets and squares, to buildings as separate free standing pavillions standing in amorphous space [Carmona 2003]. These planned estates could cope with high densities of population, and would provide the amminities that a community required within segregated blocks. What has since prevailed, and was marked during †¦.. The modern estates instead fostered a sense of isolation and anonymity, and reduced any existing sense of community. The product was fatally flawed; large blocks simplified the land-use pattern, and the nooks and crannies that house economically marginal but socially desirable uses and activities [Carmona 2003]. The rush to build high and fast system-built blocks prefabricated towers which could be assembled on site as a mean of housing in the cities of the UK, and the idea that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [Gibbered 2008]. During the early part of the twentieth century the transformations in terms of population, urban expansion, and a rapid development of communication and infrastructure, resulted in a society and a way of life bent on change and innovation, but also in instability, continual movement, and crisis [Hvattum and Hermansen 2004]. What now seems ill considered is that the visions for ideal cities, in particular those growing out of the modern movement in architecture, were diluted and warped by the messy business of reconstructing actual cities, filled with real people whilst operating within democratic structures [Jones 2004]. Somehow without any conscious intention on anyones part the ideals of free flowing space and pure architecture evolved into our present urban situation of individual buildings isolated in partking lots and highways [Tranick 1986]. Indeed, over the last two decades, the public criticism of this style of development in our towns and cities has resulted in an almost u niversally agreed idea that modernism, as a cogent philosophy of building a better society through architecture has failed [Gibbered 2008].

The Downgrading Demise of Love :: English Literature

The Downgrading Demise of Love â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street.† (198). Ignorance is a harmful state of mind, which gives a false sense of happiness to those consumed by it. Ignorance does not allow one to mature by experience of actual events. It shelters one’s perception of actual events by giving illusions of hope. It allows the imagination to instill more meaning into an incident, where there is none. In â€Å"Araby,† James Joyce illustrates how the boy overcomes his oblivious state through irony, epiphany, and symbolism. An obvious example found in the story is the immense amount of irony used throughout â€Å"Araby.† The boy has the idea that love is always perfect and the love he holds for Mangan’s sister is perfect. In the real world, however, he has an aunt and uncle that show what love really is like. When his uncle arrives home late to take him to the bazarre, his aunt begins to argue and demand that he give the boy some money to go to the bazarre (989). The boy completely ignores this glimpse at real life. The boy realizes how life is not perfect and that love is full of compromises. He begins his trip to the bazarre and is excited on the train to arrive at this electrifying event. His idea of the bazarre is that it will be a wonderful place that will make Mangan’s sister fall in love with him. However, when he arrives, he witnesses a dark, dismal place with a grim surrounding (990). Through all the irony in his life, he realizes that he is that opposite of what he is trying to be. Perhaps one of the greatest credentials, which illustrate how the boy is oblivious to the world, is that he realizes his ignorance. All throughout the story, there are innuendoes that he is â€Å"missing something.† Some of these hints range from the symbolic blind houses to his own mental absence at the gathering before he finally gets to go to the fair. His proceeding into the dark, half-closed fair, rather than face the truth that he missed it initially, shows he simply â€Å"does not get it.† Then, however, his realization occurs. In a moment of epiphany, the boy is enlightened to how he has missed even the most obvious fact. On his determination to have his life, as he wants it, he does not realize until the epiphany that Mangan’s sister never likes him. The boy becomes conscious to the fact that he has missed his opportunity from the start. The boy sees for himself that he has

Visual Argumentation: Gary McCoy’s Political Cartoon

The election fever has once again struck the land. Now more than ever, nationwide attention has started to zero in – quite lopsidedly in fact – on key political figures such as Barack Obama and John McCain. The two have been landing in major news headlines, as well as figuring in major media outfits as they try hard to convey their respective political programs to the public. As expected, they too – as indeed their proposed policies – have been subjected to a numberless of analyses, if not criticisms from all fronts; from television to radio shows, news magazines to dailies, as well as in various rallies and party conventions. One potent example of such analyses or criticisms is an editorial cartoon. Despite being just a single drawing about certain persons or issues, it nevertheless conveys powerful statements. For this paper, it would be wise to take Gary McCoy’s political cartoon, specifically depicting Barack Obama, as a specific example to concretely cite the case in point. Gary McCoy’s Caricature of Barack Obama It has to be firstly mentioned that the strength of an editorial cartoon lies in its ability to both convey the message hidden in the scene it portrays and engender â€Å"an opinion about someone or something prominent in the news† (Cartoon 217). But any evaluation of a political cartoon would also have to make a factual description of the piece as it is drawn – i. e. , a description of the cartoon as it appears. This entails suspending inherent biases, immediate judgments or initial impressions that one may already develop at the first sight of the cartoon. Gary McCoy’s caricature of Barack Obama portrays the politician while giving a speech. Therein, Obama’s face is visibly elongated; his forehead and chin thinly protruding. His right hand holds a microphone while his left hand is raised and points – that is, using his point finger – on to his supposed audience. Atop Obama is a speech-balloon which reads: â€Å"Random noun, miscellaneous verbs, blah, blah, Hope, Change†. Two creatures that appear to be kangaroos donned in coat and tie are portrayed talking to each other down the left corner. The creature to the right talks to his companion with the words: â€Å"This is getting easier by the minute†. While another balloon referenced to Barack’s supposed audience reads: â€Å"Cheer! Applause!! Yeaa!! Cheer!! Applause!! † The audience is depicted nowhere in the cartoon. It seems needless to argue that the cartoon is effective in conveying its message to its audience. This is because at first sight, one can already glean from the cartoon the central argument which it carries: that it is a criticism of Barack Obama in the first place, and the entire political system of the United States along the same vein. First, it is evident that McCoy makes a statement against Barack Obama. It can be specifically against his political strategy or the direction into which his campaign particularly treads. As indeed, the criticism can very well be against his innate giftedness to rouse a political audience, him being a gifted orator to say the least. â€Å"Random nouns and miscellaneous verbs† represents McCoy’s perception that Obama either has run out of new ideas to offer or does not have anything substantial to say in the very first place. In fact, the two kangaroos bolster the criticism being leveled. This is getting easier by the minute† appears to say that many people have in fact become used to, or have gotten tired of hearing Obama talk about his hope and change messages. The cartoon may very well be a statement against Obama’s credibility; for to imply that Obama’s hope and change messages – read: his main benchmarks – barely say anything is tantamount to saying that the heart and soul of his political agenda is ber eft of sense and direction altogether. Second, the cartoon is likewise effective in drawing related reactions beyond the intended Obama criticism. On the one hand, the cartoon is also a criticism of the people’s implied gullibility or perceived lack of critical thought in receiving Barack Obama. Obama, as mentioned, is a gifted speaker. And many people, it needs to be argued, are drawn to persons who can comport themselves authoritatively in public conventions and rallies. The cartoon therefore takes on how people appear unable to go beyond Obama’s charisma as a speaker. This is most notably seen in how the cartoon depicts the crowd applauding Obama’s speech, despite its implied lack of reasonable substance. McCoy therefore implies that, on account of this tendency, the general public is not able to give Obama’s message much needed second thoughts. On the other hand, it would be wise to cite that the cartoon can also be interpreted as a statement against the manner by which politics is exercised in this country. The conversation of the two kangaroos is telling – â€Å"this is getting easier by the minute† may be taken as a an unfortunate resignation over a political exercise marked by lack of substance on the part of politicians and lack of depth on the part of the voting public. If taken into this context, the cartoon may not specifically be against Barack Obama as the whole political system of the United States. Far from being offensive, the cartoon can in fact be ultimately taken as McCoy’s call to reform the exercise of politics in this country. Conclusion This paper now concludes that Gary McCoy’s political cartoon is effective in conveying its message to its audience. At the very least, the cartoon is clear in that it depicts its message without much ambiguity. In the discussions which were developed, it was learned that the cartoon is firstly a criticism against Barack Obama. As it depicts the politician’s speech as something that consists in nothing but the recurrent rhetoric on hope and change, the cartoon therefore implies that Obama either has nothing new to say or his message has no substance. But far from being offensive, it is also argued that the cartoon may be taken as McCoy’s call to reform the political practice of this country.

Becoming Gendered Essay

Davies argues that the sex role socialization theory does not adequately explain how we understand and become man and woman (p282). She concedes that the social structure with which man is entrenched; influence the conception of gender but the individual is as much a part of that process as the social environment. Davies says that man is an agent in his/her gendered identity, we choose to be masculine or feminine in the context of our social realities and that it is not tied to biology. In the movie Sabrina (1995), after being sent to Paris and transformed into a sophisticated woman of the world, David became enamored with her. David responded to her charms when she became feminine and did not notice her when she was boyish and ugly. Sabrina was masculine because she did not have a female figure to emulate, but within the same environment she was able to recognize the attraction she felt for the opposite sex and although it was depicted as a coming of age realization, socialization does not fully demonstrate the shift in gender roles (Rakow, 1986; 12). Davies was correct when she said that the individual is an active and engaged participant in becoming gendered (p284), Sabrina may have become feminine in her ways, but she was independent, headstrong and speaks her mind, all of which are masculine traits which she had imbibed while she was growing up. Davies (p289) suggested that we become gendered because it is what society expects, Sabrina has to be feminine because she was female and the world responds to that reality based on their conception of what is feminine and masculine. References Pollack, S. (Director). (1995, December 15). Sabrina, Constellation Entertainment. Davies, B. (2001). Becoming male or female. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Gender (pp. 280-290). London: Routledge . Rakow, L. (1986) â€Å"Rethinking Gender Research in Communication,† Journal of Communication, Volume 36, No. 4, pp.11-26.

Billy elliot notes

Takes opportunity Headset, tracking shots Billy In cage hits other student â€Å"there's always next year† not for Billy this Is his shot He wants this opportunity his reaction Is violent as this Is all he knows and this Is a sign that he needs you grow beyond this.Quotes from ballet dude â€Å"No child can succeed without the 100 percent support of their family' We see the growth In Othello men as Cackle supports Billy Headset music of swan lake motif l feel like a bird it feels like electricity† Billy says this as he describes what it is like for him to dance These quotes convince the board that Billy is a natural talent and show his passion for his chosen path Montage Billy's emotional reaction to getting in and Jackass's pride in announcing it to the miners who face going back to the pit at reduced wages Juxtaposition of Billy getting away from the mines and the need for the family and other miners to return Landscape shot, voice over change in lighting Billy and Ja ckie at the grave yard mines in the distanceRelationship is now close and has grown through the mutual experience and understanding that is now there Montage of images swan lake music , motif of closing doors, costuming headset Billy preparing to leave and the final scene of him dancing, Jackie and Tony in London at the performance and engaging with a now adult Michael Jack's and Tony going back down the mines in a cage Mrs. Wilkinson alone in the gym her role in getting Billy into the works is done she has no evolution on the film Billy is now a success and is starting in swan lake the family are purporting him showing their growth as Billy is a success and has evolved Jack's and Tony are well dressed and appear familiar with London , they do not Judge Michael Jacky pride is evident in his tears Billy Elliot notes By Barack Billy in cage hits other student â€Å"there's always next year† not for Billy this is his shot He wants this opportunity his reaction is violent as this is all he knows and this is a â€Å"No child can succeed without the 100 percent support of their family† We see the growth in Othello men as Jackie supports Billy Jack's pride is evident in his tears .

Knowledge, Innovation, and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Knowledge, Innovation, and Learning - Essay Example The aim of our project was to highlight how 3M is capable of sharing knowledge across social networks, as well as sharing it within social networks to create new innovations. As a participant in this process, I gained experiences researching and understanding complex business resource issues as well as investigating and rating how one company implements these ideas. Our process was mainly twofold. First, we conducted a literature review. We investigated knowledge management, innovation as a competitive advantage, types of data, information and knowledge as well as how the cycle of knowledge works. Next, we analyzed how 3M applies these principals to the business world and made certain recommendations. As well as our project went, there is still room for improvement. There were pros and cons to the process, however. They are expressed as strong and weak points of the process, positive and negative experiences as well as positive and negative feelings. The process was strong in that we all had great ideas to proffer to our project, but weak in that we had a difficult time discerning which ideas to implement. Furthermore, the positive experience was that we were able to bring it all together in the end. The negative experience was that often times some of the group was hearing the other members but not really listening to them. His elicited some negative feelings along the way. When waves off the opinions of others as unimportant, it creates feelings of opposition instead of cooperation. In the end,  however,  the completion of our project made everyone feel accomplished. These are some of the dualistic challenges one meets while working with others.

History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp Research Paper

History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, they worked so hard that they were seen to be more hardworking and determined than men and had proved to be more organized than them as well. Following is the account of how their journey began and came to an end. History and Evolution of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corp In the year 1942, around 800 females had joined the WAAC ad began their elementary training in Iowa where they were properly equipped with arms and ammunition, given uniforms to wear and were assigned proper duties to be performed during the war. For the purpose of defining their goals and objectives, a manual was established which identified what they were supposed to achieve in clear words (Permeswaran & Yashila, 2008). The manual said that they had to replace men and be with them on equal terms. In those times however, it was a very critical move because women were not encouraged to come to terms with men on an equality basis, and men felt devalued seeing females standing with them involved in a furio us physical activity like war. Moreover, women had not participated in war previously on ground level. The only females to participate in war before this were nurses. Even though there was a lot of criticism on the women for being part of WAAC, there was a necessity arising in this regard due to the number of men decreasing because of the War. There were around 150,000 women who took part in the world war. They were also believed to be better than men in terms of being more organized, well-disciplined and hardworking. Even in an appalling situation where women were not given overseas pay or any other benefits like life insurance or medical coverage, their passion was enough of an evidence to prove their worth which they successfully did even after facing difficulties of initially getting the bill passed for females to participate in the World War as part of WAAC. It had become very difficult for people to accept women in this new role because most people believed that it was not the kind of job women were supposed to do. Opposing parties questioned that if women started to serve in the army then who would be responsible for the house work and that females were not smart enough to be part of the army, they were likely to make mistakes and have the tendency to act carelessly. The day the bill was passed officially, Oveta Culp Hobby was chosen as the Director of WAAC.She proved to be a very determined and hardworking lady and had proved all assumptions about WAAC wrong. According to her, women were there in the army to assist them in winning war and their roles would not exactly switch or become different from what they are in civilian life. She just believed it would help men in achieving success. In the year 1917, it was decided that women will play a role in the British Army as for being sent to France and Haig who was the then commander in chief wrote to the war office that women will be permitted to fight in the war in France and their services will be utili zed wherever appropriate. However, the kind of work they were supposed to do at that time was much more related to household than to anything else because physical labor was not what they ought to do after all. Selection in WAAC required two references and interview

Endangered languages and cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Endangered languages and cultures - Essay Example As Argenter (2005) observes, language extinction occurs through loss of its native orator. Language extinction is a development that has emotional impacts on speaking communities, more so when there is a decrease in the level of linguistic capability that orators possess in a given language variety. Eventually this development brings about extinction of a language variety due to non-existence of fluent and native speakers. There are various reasons why languages disappear. Globalization is one of them; this refers to either division of labour and global economic specialism or adoption of cultural practices that are similar across the world. Globalization is said to be the result of language decline and not the cause. Another reason of language decline is capitalism and trade. Trade does not eradicate languages more than it eradicates cultural practice. Further, trade does not usually diminish language but instead improves interchange of cultural practices and nurtures their proliferation. Traditionally, trade enabled the creation of new languages that can be used for communication between people who do not share the first language. Furthermore, political repression is also a major cause of language endangerment. The state strives to endorse one culture that is accepted nationwide thus limiting other minority languages in schools and public places or prohibiting them completely. Lastly, urbanization is also a major reason why language becomes extinct. As Brenzinger (2008) found out, urbanization is the movement from rural to urban areas. This has made people adopt other languages that are suitable to them and abandon their cultures. Above 50% of the languages globally are in eight countries, namely: Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Indonesia, India, Nigeria, Cameroon and Papua New Guinea. According to Cole (2011), Vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered Extinct, and critically endangered are the various

Micro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro - Assignment Example According to Samuelson and Temin the opportunity cost of a choice is determined by the next best choice, and for many allocations, opportunity cost is measured by monetary value (Samuelson and Temin, 1976, p.20). Hubbard and Brien write that choices are costly thus the need for an alternative that will incorporate the scarce resources (Hubbard and Brien, 2006, p.8). Choices have both the implicit and explicit. Explicit costs are which monetary value is lost i.e. the sacrifice of the choice is paid out in monetary value. On the other hand, implicit costs are costs for which there is no monetary value in the choice made. The principal forfeit in this cost is time. According to Douglas the cost of production of any product is estimated in terms of what is foregone (Douglas, 1994, p.171). The concept of opportunity cost is best illustrated by production possibility frontiers. A PPF demonstrates the probable combination of two products e.g. let us consider a firm in UK producing computers and mobile phones. When it uses all its resources, it can produce 6.8 million computers and 50 million mobile phones. Computer (m) Mobile Phones (m) 84 0 80 1 70 3 60 5 50 6.8 40 8.2 35 8.8 20 10 5 11 Production Possibility Frontier Opportunity cost will lead to trade off in the choices of consumers and a comparative advantage in countries. A trade off entails a forfeit made to obtain a certain good. The output increases when countries specialize in the goods and services they have absolute advantage. For example let us consider UK and country B-producing motor cars and trucks. Maximum production Max Output U.K. Country B Cars 60 45 Truck 40 20 Employing all the resources U.K. can produce 60 million cars and 25 million trucks, while country B can produce 45 million cars and 20 million trucks. It is therefore right to say that U.K. has an absolute advantage in producing both goods, but it has comparative advantage in producing trucks since it is 2 times better at producing them than country B, whereas it is 1.3 times better in producing cars. The concept of opportunity comes in production of products by countries. Countries that produce goods using few resources at low opportunity cost have a high comparative advantage in producing those goods. However, comparative advantage ignores costs and assumes there are no diminishing returns (Hubbard, p.101). Effect of change in price of disposable hospital gowns in U.K Change in demand Price P=p* p=p1 DD 2 DD 1 output A decrease in the price of disposable hospital gown in the United Kingdom results to an increase in demand from DD 1 to DD 2. Supply remains the same in this case. Change in demand and supply due to change in market SS 1 p SS 2 P=p* DD 2 DD 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Quantity A change in the price of hospital gowns will result to an increase in demand. An increase in demand results to more production as firms try to meet the increased demand. This result to change in the equilibrium price (McGraw-Hill, p.58). Market equ ilibrium shows the relationship between market demand and market supply. There is competitive and Nash equilibrium. Profit is the variation between revenue and costs. In economics profit denoted as П is the differentiation of marginal revenue and marginal cost i.e. П = TR-TC. High revenues translate to high profits if the production cost is low. Usually a company tries to maximize profits

Austrian Political Discourse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Austrian Political Discourse - Case Study Example Since it was torn down in Austria there was adjustment that had to be made. It is important to know that politicians and the media were ecstatic about the changes yet they were not totally prepared for the changes, both good and bad, that would manifest in the future. Armed with wire-cutters, Austria's Foreign Minister Alois Mock was shown doing his part--literally as well as symbolically--to open the border between Austria and Hungary. 1 The end of 1989 witnessed the success of the Rumanian "revolution," and the fall of eastern European Stalinist regimes (or the death of Marxism, according to taste) was everywhere exuberantly acclaimed. As the first waves of refugees and immigrants seeking asylum and work made their way westward, however, this enthusiasm soon dampened.2 By the end of 1989 many changes had occurred. Included was the fall of eastern European Stalinist regimes. Other significant events that resulted from the fall of the wall were the success of the Rumanian "revolution," and the demise of Marxism, according to taste. 3 Many things of significance politically ensued he fall of the wall Power became an issue when these paramount events took placer. Racism also became a significant factor. Shortly after the fall of the wall in 1989 refugees and immigrants seeking both work and asylum began making their... The influx of immigrants set the basis for fight for power in the new found freedom. As well the large amounts of immigrants seeking new found freedom in the west set the stage for problem with racism and one of the new arenas for this was Austria. They became known as" political" and "economic" refugees. They elided rather quickly to these new parts. .Without a doubt, the patronizing acceptance in Austria of political refugees from Communist eastern Europe seems to have disguised more profound ethnic conflict towards these groups of immigrants. . The uncertainties of this new political configuration in Europe occasioned the emergence in Austrian public life of xenophobic discourses, fed by and couched in the terms of social anxiety. Those who even a few months previously would have been largely welcomed as heroic refugees from tyrannical regimes, suddenly became socially more threatening "economic immigrants," "spirit and salami merchants," "criminals," etc., too lazy and selfish to remain in their countries and solve their own problems. 3 3 van Dijk, Teun. 1985. Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins. An indication of the political implications of this transformation was given in the campaign preceding the 1990 elections to the Austrian National Assembly. Confronted by the obvious success which the Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei sterreichs, or FP), seconded in its effort by the Neue Kronen Zeitung, the largest selling newspaper in Austria, was registering with its more or less explicit appeals to these ethnic hostilities, politicians from the mainstream Social Democratic Party (SP) and the Christian democratic Austrian People's Party (VP) quickly accommodated their own electoral strategies and general political